Professional / Managerial / Technical "New Class"

(see also Knowledge Work and Intellectuals)

General Resources
White Collars
Professionals and Professionalism
Technical Elites (Scientists, Engineers)
Theory of the "New Class"
"Service" Workers

= More Info (see policy on "more info" links)

General Resources

• Manuel Castells, The Rise of Network Society, Vol. 1 of The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Malden, Mass. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), Ch. 4: "The Transformation of Work and Employment: Networkers, Jobless, and Flextimers"
• Randall Collins, The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification (New York: Academic, 1979)
• Bob Davis and David Wessel, Prosperity: The Coming Twenty-Year Boom and What It Means to You (Time Business, 1998) (predicts the prosperity of the American middle class due to technology, globalization, and education; includes discussion of the pivotal role of community colleges in the future)
• Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: HarperCollins, 1989)
• Barbara and John Ehrenreich, "The Professional-Managerial Class," Radical America, Part 1, 11 (March-April 1977): 7-31; Part 2, 11 (May-June 1977): 7-22
• Engin F. Isin, "Global City-Regions and Citizenship," in Roger Keil, Gerda R. Wekerle, David V.J. Bell, eds., Local Places in the Age of the Global City (Montreal : Black Rose, 1996) (argues that the rise of the New Class has produced an attendant citizenry that has historically ceded the power to define and control the language and knowledge of the public sphere. New ways of demarcating territory and region, however, has meant new ways of thinking of citizenship, and these new citizens have been able to bypass, reconfigure, and otherwise subvert spheres no longer dominated by the New Class)
• L. Galambos, "The American Economy and the Re-Organization of the Sources of Knowledge," in Oleson (1979), pp. 269-82
• Jethro K. Lieberman, The Tyranny of the Experts: How Professionals are Closing the Open Society (New York: Walker, 1970)
• Fritz Machlup
  1. The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1962)
  2. Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution, and Economic Significance, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton U. Press)
     • I. Knowledge and Knowledge Production (1980)
     • II. The Branches of Learning (1982)
  3. Michael Rogers Rubin and Mary Taylor Huber, with Elizabeth Lloyd Taylor, The Knowledge Industry in the United States, 1960-1980 (Princeton: Princeton U. Press, 1986) (update of Machlup's work published by participants and collaborators in his project after his death)
• Alexandra Oleson and John Voss, ed. The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1979)
• Seminar on the Sociology of Knowledge (Wesleyan U.)
• Sociology of Knowledge Page (Martin Ryder, U. Colorado, Denver)

White Collars

• General Resources
  • Michael Crozier, The World of the Office Worker (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971)
  • Jürgen Kocka, White Collar Workers in America, 1890-1940: A Social-Political History in International Perspective, trans. Maura Kealey (London: SAGE, 1980)
  • Robert E. Kraut, ed., Technology and the Transformation of White-Collar Work (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1987)
  • C. Wright Mills, White Collar (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1951)
  • Toni Pierenkemper, "Pre-1900 White Collar Employees at the Krupp Steel Casting Works: A New Occupational Category in Germany," Business History Review 58 (1984)
  • Richard Sobel, White Collar Working Class: From Structure to Politics (New York: Praeger, 1989) (on the developing "proletarianization" of white collars)
• Managerial
  • Chester Barnard, The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1938)
  • Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap / Harvard Univ. Press, 1977)
  • Peter Drucker, Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices (New York: Harper & Row, 1973)
  • The Evolution of Management (slide lecture from course on management and organizational behavior) (Eric Hoppenfeld, San Francisco State U.)
  • John Kotter, The General Managers (New York: Free Press, 1982)
  • Henry Mintzburg, The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: Harper & Row, 1973)
  • Sidney Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1965)
  • Rosemary Stewart, Managers and Their Jobs (London: Macmillan, 1967)
  • William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956)
• Clerical
  • Roslyn L. Feldberg and Evelyn Nakano Glenn, "Technology and the Transformation of Clerical Work," in Kraut, pp. 77-97
  • Barbara Garson, The Electronic Sweatshop: How Computers Are Transforming the Office of the Future into the Factory of the Past (1988; rpt. New York: Penguin, 1989)
  • Joan Greenbaum, Windows on the Workplace: Computers, Jobs, and the Organization of Office Work in the Late Twentieth Century (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1995)
  • Suzanne Iacono and Rob King, "Changing Office Technologies and Transformations of Clerical Jobs: A Historical Perspective," in Kraut, pp. 53-75
  • Priscilla Murolo, "White-Collar Women and the Rationization of Clerical Work," in Kraut, pp. 35-51
  • Elyce Rotella, From Home to Office: U.S. Women at Work, 1870-1930 (Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1981)
  • Janice Weiss, "Educating for Clerical Work: The Nineteenth Century Private Commercial School," Journal of Social History 14 (1981)

Professionals and Professionalism

• M. Angel, "Professionals and Unionization," Minnesota Law Review 66 : 383-457
• Roger D. Blair and Stephen Rubin, ed., Regulating the Professions: A Public-Policy Symposium (Lexington, MA: Lexington, 1980)
• Burton J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America (New York: Norton, 1976)
• Steven G. Brint and Martin H. Dodd, Professional Workers and Unionization: A Data Handbook (Washington, D.C.: Dept for Professional Employees, AFL-CIO, 1984)
• Lynn Curry and Jon F. Wergin, Educating Professionals: Responding to New Expectations for Competence and Accountability (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993) ("The authors show, for example, how liberal learning - traditionally thought to be solely a concern of undergraduate curricula - is critical to effective professional education and describe how liberal learning goals can be adapted for and assessed in specific professional curricula. They describe how the subject of professional ethics can indeed be taught and learned . . . ")
• Charles Derber
  1. ed., Professionals as Workers: Mental Labor in Advanced Capitalism (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1982)
  2. "Managing Professionals: Ideological Proletarianization and Mental Labor," in Derber (1982), pp. 167-90
  3. "The Proletarianization of the Professional: A Review Essay," in Derber (1982), pp. 13-33
• Barbara and John Ehrenreich, "The Professional-Managerial Class," Radical America, Part 1, 11 (March-April 1977): 7-31; Part 2, 11 (May-June 1977): 7-22
• Barbara and John Ehrenreich, "The Professional-Managerial Class," Radical America, Part 1, 11 (March-April 1977): 7-31; Part 2, 11 (May-June 1977): 7-22
• Philip Elliott, The Sociology of the Professions (New York: Herdern and Herder, 1972)
• Amital Etzioni, ed., The Semi-Professions and Their Organization: Teachers, Nurses, Social Workers (New York: Free Press, 1969)
• Eliot Freidson, Professional Powers: A Study of the Institutionalization of Formal Knowledge (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1986)
• Eli Ginzburg, "The Professionalization of the U.S. Labor Force," Scientific American 240 (March): 48-53
• Terence C. Halliday, "Professions, Class and Capitalism," European Journal of Sociology 24 (1983): 321-46
• M.B. Haug
  1. "Deprofessionalization: An Alternative Hypothesis for the Future," Sociological Review Monograph, no. 20 (1973): 195-211
  2. "The Deprofessionalization of Everyone?" Sociological Focus (August 1975): 197-213
  3. "Computer Technology and the Obsolescence of the Concept of Profession," in Work and Technology, ed. M.R. Haug and J. Dofny (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1977), pp. 215-28
• I. Horowitz, "The Economic Foundations of Self-Regulation in Professions," in Blair (1980), pp. 3-28
• Terence J. Johnson
  1. "Imperialism and the Professions: Notes on the Development of Professional Occupations in Britain's Colonies and the New States," Sociological Review Monograph 20 (1973): 281-309
  2. Professions and Power (London: Macmillan, 1972)
• Magali S. Larson, The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1977)
• Paul Montagna, "Professionalization and Bureaucratization in Large Professional Organizations," American Journal of Sociology 74 (1968): 138-45
• M. Oppenheimer, "The Proletarianization of the Professional," Sociological Review Monography no. 20 (1973): 213-27
• Talcott Parsons, "Professions," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 12, ed. D. Sills (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), pp. 536-47
• W.J. Reader, Professional Men: The Rise of the Professional Classes in Nineteenth-Century England (New York: Basic, 1966)
• Bruce Robbins, Secular Vocations: Intellectuals, Professionalism, Culture (New York: Verso, 1993)
• Howard M. Vollmer, ed., Professionalization (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966)
• Harold L. Wilensky, "The Professionalization of Everyone?" American Journal of Sociology 70 (Sept. 1964): 137-58

Technical Elites (Scientists, Engineers)

• Joseph Ben-David
  1. "Science as Profession and Scientific Professionalism," in Explorations in GeneralTheory in Social Sciences: Essays in Honor of Talcott Parsons, ed. J.J. Loubser, et al. (New York: Free Press, 1976), vol. 2, pp. 874-88
  2. The Scientist's Role in Society: A Comparative Study (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971)
• Monte Calvert, The Mechanical Engineer in America, 1830-1918: Professional Cjltures in Conflict (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967)
• Samuel C. Florman
  1. The Civilized Engineer (New York: St. Martin's 1987)
  2. The Existential Pleasures of Engineering (New York: St. Martin's, 1976)
  3. The Introspective Engineer (New York: St. Martin's, 1996)
• Barney G. Glaser, ed. Organizational Scientists: Their Professional Careers (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1964)
• S. Klaw, The New Brahmans: Scientific Life in America (New York: William Morrow, 1969)
• William Kornhauser, Scientists in Industry: Conflict and Accommodation (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1962)
• Ralph E. Lapp, The New Priesthood: The Scientific Elite and the Uses of Power (New York: Harper & Row, 1965)
• Simon Marcson
  1. The Scientist in American Industry (New York: Harper & Bros., 1960)
  2. Scientists in Government (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1966)
• P.F. Meiksins, "Science in the Labor Process: Engineers as Workers," in Derber (1982), pp. 121-40
• G.A. Miller, "Professionals in Bureaucracy: Alienation Among Industrial Scientists and Engineers," American Sociological Review 35 (1968): 755-68
• Donald C. Pelz and Frank M. Andrews, Scientists in Organizations: Productive Climates for Research and Development (New York: Wiley, 1966)
• Joel Primack and Frank von Hippel, Advice and Dissent: Scientists in the Political Arena (New York: Basic, 1974)
• R. Richard Ritti, The Engineer in the Industrial Corporation (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1971)
• Robert Zussman
  1. Mechanics of the Middle Class: Work and Politics Among American Engineers (Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California Press, 1985)
  2. The Middle Levels: Engineers and the "Working Middle Class", Politics and Society 13, no. 3 (1984)

Theory of the "New Class"

(The "New Class" is the hypothesized professional / managerial / technical class that is now dominant in postindustrial societies. Both the appropriateness of calling the New Class a "class" (merely a "muddled" or "weak" class concept, according to some analysts) and the relation of the class to its pseudo-professionalized underclass of clerical or otherwise "proletarianized" and "deprofessionalized" white-collar workers is in debate.)

• W.H.G. Armytage, The Rise of the Technocrats: A Social History (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965)
• Daniel Bell
  1. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting (New York: Basic Books, 1973)
  2. "The New Class: A Muddled Concept," Society (Jan.-Feb. 1979)
• Steven G. Brint, " 'New Class' and Cumulative Trend Explanations of the Liberal Attitudes of Professionals," American Journal of Sociology 90 (July, 1984): 30-71
• Val Burns
  1. "Class Structure and Political Ideology," Insurgent Sociologist 14, no. 2 (Summer 1987): 5-46
  2. "The Discovery of the New Middle Class," Theory and Society 15, no. 3 (1986): 317-49
• Guglielmo Carchedi
  1. "Class Politics, Class Consciousness, and the New Middle Class," Insurgent Sociologist 14, no. 3 (Fall 1987): 111-30
  2. On the Economic Identification of Social Classes (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977)
• Barbara and John Ehrenreich, "The Professional-Managerial Class," Radical America 11, no. 2 (Mar.-Apr. 1977)
• Engin F. Isin, "Global City-Regions and Citizenship," in Roger Keil, Gerda R. Wekerle, David V.J. Bell, eds., Local Places in the Age of the Global City (Montreal : Black Rose, 1996) (argues that the rise of the New Class has produced an attendant citizenry that has historically ceded the power to define and control the language and knowledge of the public sphere. New ways of demarcating territory and region, however, has meant new ways of thinking of citizenship, and these new citizens have been able to bypass, reconfigure, and otherwise subvert spheres no longer dominated by the New Class)
• Alvin W. Gouldner, The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class: A Frame of Reference, Theses, Conjectures, Arguments, and an Historical Perspective on the Role of Intellectuals and Intelligentsia in the International Class Contest of the Modern Era (New York: Seabury, 1979)
  1. synopsis (Society of Social Research Page, U. Chicago)
• Nicos Poulantzas, Classes in Contemporary Capitalism (London: Verso, 1978) [first pub. in French in 1974]
• Andrew Ross, "Defenders of the Faith and the New Class," in No Respect: Intellectuals and Popular Culture (New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 209-32
• Erik Olin Wright
  1. Class Structure and Income Determination (New York: Academic, 1979)
  2. Classes (London: Verso, 1985)
  3. _____, et al., The Debate on Classes (London: Verso, 1989)

"Service" Workers

• General Resources
  1. Manuel Castells, The Rise of Network Society, Vol. 1 of The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1996), Ch. 4: "The Transformation of Work and Employment: Networkers, Jobless, and Flextimers"
  2. P.W. Danies, Service Economies in the World Economy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987)
  3. J. De Bandt, ed., Les Services dans les sociétés industrielles avancées (Paris: Economica, 1985)
  4. Jonathan I. Gershuny and I.D. Miles, The New Service Economy: The Transformation of Employment in the Industrial Societies (London: Pinter, 1983)
  5. Bruce R. Guile and James Brian Quinn, ed., Technology in Services: Policies for Growth, Trade, and Employment (Washington, D.C.: National Academy, 1988)
  6. Joachim Singleman, The Transformation of Industry: From Agriculture to Service Employment (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1978)
  7. Thomas M. Stanback, Understanding the Service Economy: Employment, Productivity, Location (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1979)
• The Ethos and Affect of "Service"
  1. Berverley Cuthbertson-Johnson, et al., The Sociology of Emotions: An Annotated Bibliography (New York: Garland, 1994)
  2. Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley, Calif.: U. California Press, 1983)
  3. Anat Rafaeli and Robert I. Sutton (see also Sutton)
     1. "Expression of Emotion as Part of the Work Role," Academy of Management Review 12 (1987): 23-37
     2. "The Expression of Emotion in Organizational Life," Research in Organizational Behavior 11 (1989): 1-42
  4. Peter N. Stearns, American Cool: Constructing a Twentieth-Century Emotional Style (New York: New York Univ. Press, 1994)
  5. Robert I. Sutton (see also Rafaeli)
     1. "Maintaining Norms about Expressed Emotions: The Case of Bill Collectors," Administrative Science Quarterley 36 (1991): 245-68
     2. "Untangling the Relationship Between Displayed Emotions and Organizational Sales: The Case of Convenience Stores," Academy of Management Journal 31 (1988): 461-87
  6. John Van Maanen and Gideon Kunda, " 'Real Feelings': Emotional Expression and Organizational Culture," Research in Organizational Behavior 11 (1989): 43-103
  7. Amy S. Wharton, "The Affective Consequences of Service Work," Work and Occupations 20 (1993): 205-232